CHAPTER 4

Reading 4.3 (What is the Evidence)
This part explained about issue of evidence. ‘Evidence’ refers to information that gives a strong reason for behaving or proves. In other words, to give answer to a question, describe on an event at which one was present. Two type of evidence. There is testimonial evidence while the other one is circumstantial evidence. Testimonial evidence refers to the thing that they use in court to show it as proves about something such as tape recorder, pictures, letters or else. Circumstantial evidence is not altogether trustworthy as a basis for determining guilt. They prefer testimonial evidence, such as eyewitnesses, who testify that they themselves have seen the accuse commit the crime.

Reading 4.4 (Statistic)
Statistic has two different meaning. For plural, it means information about any phenomenon or activity expressed in numeric form. For singular, it symbolized the art and science of collecting, presenting analyzing and interpreting numerical data. Statistic is important because it easy to use (basis) of rational decision and conclusion. The important of statistic are for the government, they use it to show the quantitative aspects of the social and also for the economics and physical condition. For business, it prediction of sales and cots, show the quality control, show the production markets researches and quantitative personal records. For research, it use for rely heavily on statistical analysis other quality of animal feeds and other form materials. But it often is misused. People with vested interest may enforce figures to serve their ends. Advertisement, for examples, always misleading statistical statement and reports. Ignorance and carelessness may also give rise to statistical blunders.

Reading 4.5 (Crooked and Fallacious Thinking)
Based on the presentation, ‘crooked’ means bent or twisted thinking while fallacious is an idea that people think that is rue but actually not. In this chapter, I understand on how the writers or speakers influence readers or viewer to agree with their statement.